For instance, history reminds us of the cultural value of trace fos- sils. Verte- brate tracksites play a major role in ichnological geotourism, although invertebrate geosites are also under development, providing new economic activities and addi- tional sources of income, especially in rural regions i. As concerns scientific research, history shows us that almost every major idea in ichnology has depended on neoichnological observations; it is a perva- sive influence.
As Gingras et al. History warns us that for higher-resolution models, new studies on modern environments are required. A typical example is given by recent traces, the study of which is often referred to biology, archeology, or forensic science, avoiding mention to ichnology Baucon et al. This tendency can be traced back to the nineteenth century i.
For instance, significant overlap exists between neoichnology and tracking, a discipline practiced by hunting guides, biologists, search-and-rescue teams, soldiers in war, and forensic investigators Cunningham, ; Liebenberg et al.
According to Liebenberg et al. It typ- ically includes not only traces i. The present organization of scientific knowledge is a product of historical phenomena, and the study of traces makes no exception. While earth sciences had a prevalent role in the evolution of traditional ichnology, the development of modern tracking has been guided by military, zoological, and forensic specialties since the early nineteenth century.
Despite of the commonality of subject matters and internal logic, ichnology is poorly connected to tracking, although recent cases of mutual recognition are recorded i. This scenario fits a long-standing trend in science: the uncommunicative piling-up of similar fields of research Campbell, Additionally, this phenomenon produces knowledge gaps between or at the edges of disciplinary clusters.
This is the case of root-related structures, which fall in a land of convergence between body and trace fossils, therefore posing a semantic problem in their categorization Gregory et al. Although Sarjeant clearly recognized root systems as trace fossils, they still remain an understudied field. Besides the aforementioned semantic issues, the interplay of interpretative, cultural, and historical factors explains the present state of plant ichnology.
In fact, plant trace fossils offer significant interpretative challenges, while most of the active ichnologists have a prevailing zoological training Gregory et al. Additionally, two distinct historical phenomena played a crucial role. Second, and of equal importance, the path between the Period of Reaction and the Modern Era was mediated by the Senckenberg Institute. Being a marine research center, it focused on marine invertebrates, consolidating the leaning toward animal tracemakers.
Paraphrasing Spencer , ichnologists are the products of their societies, and their actions would be impossible without the conditions built before their lifetime. This question does not only involve catastrophic geopolitical events e.
For instance, success of an ichnological concept depends as much on the idea itself as on its recognition by the scientific community.
A clear example comes from the roots of ichnology: the innovative ideas of Leonardo da Vinci did not influence the course of ichnology because he compiled hand- written manuscripts in mirror-image Italian, at a time when scientific commu- nication rested on Latin treatises. It is therefore evident that the question of language and scientific communication plays a crucial role.
Dominant schools of thought often coincide with the lingua franca of the moment: just coincidence or factual interrelation? Technology has been a driving force both in the field of scientific commu- nication and in the design of analytic tools.
This historical aspect is clearly seen in the radical changes introduced by the advent of digital media. The impact of digital technologies such as internet, email, and PDF, brought the ability to easily move ichnological information between media and to access or distribute it remotely.
Similarly, they implied a greater interconnectedness between researchers and encouraged social research. Nowadays, the Skolithos forum and the Ichnology Newsletter are digital-based media widely used for informal communications. However, in contrast with other scientific disciplines, ichnology is lacking a database of ichnological data.
With increased accessibility to and elaboration upon advanced analytical techniques, new methods and perspectives in the study of trace fossils are recently emerging. These include molecular paleontology methods, 3-D visualization, and computer modeling of trace fossils, topoichnol- ogy, theoretical foraging i.
It is desirable that these innovations should bring the same stim- uli of the techniques designed and improved by the Senckenberg am Meer sci- entists e.
In conclusion, this historical synthesis shows that innovation in ichnology is fueled by a complex interplay of factors: not only scientific but also geopolit- ical, social, and technological. Historical knowledge of such factors will inspire new directions in further investigations and define the place of ichnology in our culture.
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